{
  "abstract": "This disclosure describes a system for inferring the quality of a resistance spot weld by analyzing the displacement of a welding electrode during the welding process. Unlike traditional methods that rely solely on electrical parameters like current and time, this system directly monitors the material consolidation at the faying surfaces. By tracking the dynamic changes in electrode position, the system identifies characteristic displacement signatures corresponding to adequate nugget formation, and flags deviations indicative of weld defects such as cold welds or expulsion events. The system also incorporates mechanisms for compensating for electrode wear over time.",
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  "categories": [
    "manufacturing-assembly-equipment/joining-and-welding/resistance-welding",
    "sensors-controls-machine-vision/force-and-pressure-sensing/force-torque-sensors"
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    {
      "caption": "A simplified block diagram illustrating the primary components of a resistance spot welding system with displacement monitoring.",
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      "caption": "An idealized representation of electrode displacement over time during a typical resistance spot welding cycle.",
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  "keywords": [
    "resistance welding",
    "spot welding",
    "weld quality",
    "electrode displacement",
    "nugget formation",
    "process monitoring",
    "expulsion detection",
    "cold weld",
    "electrode wear",
    "process control"
  ],
  "language": "en",
  "license": {
    "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
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  "publication_id": "OT-2026-000000053",
  "published_at": "2026-09-15T11:53:24.255974Z",
  "publisher": "Nebula Innovations Limited",
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  "supersedes": null,
  "title": "Resistance Spot Weld Quality Inference From Electrode Displacement",
  "uuid": "01a0a4ea-281d-76ef-9289-62b64ae091ae"
}